Rotameters
Rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed tube. It belongs to a class of Meters called variable area meters, which measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing some measurable effect.
Implementation
A rotameter consists of a tapered tube, typically made of glass with a float, actually a shaped weight, inside that is pushed up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by gravity. Drag force for a given fluid and float cross section is a function of flow speed squared only, see drag equation.
A higher volumetric flow rate through a given area increases flow speed and drag force, so the float will be pushed upwards. However, as the inside of the rotameter is cone shaped , the area around the float through which the medium flows increases, the flow speed and drag force decrease until there is mechanical equilibrium with the float's weight. Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and ellipsoids being the most common. The float may be diagonally grooved and partially colored so that it rotates axially as the fluid passes. This shows if the float is stuck since it will only rotate if it is free. Readings are usually taken at the top of the widest part of the float; the center for an ellipsoid, or the top for a cylinder. Some manufacturers use a different standard. The float must not float in the fluid: it has to have a higher density than the fluid, otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow.
Advantages
- A rotameter requires no external power or fuel, it uses only the inherent properties of the fluid, along with gravity, to measure flow rate.
- A rotameter is also a relatively simple device that can be mass manufactured out of cheap materials, allowing for its widespread use.
- Since the area of the flow passage increases as the float moves up the tube, the scale is approximately linear.
Disadvantages
- Due to its use of gravity, a rotameter must always be vertically oriented and right way up, with the fluid flowing upward.
- Due to its reliance on the ability of the fluid or gas to displace the float, graduations on a given rotameter will only be accurate for a given substance at a given temperature. The main property of importance is the density of the fluid; however, viscosity may also be significant. Floats are ideally designed to be insensitive to viscosity; however, this is seldom verifiable from manufacturers' specifications. Either separate rotameters for different densities and viscosities may be used, or multiple scales on the same rotameter can be used.
- Due to the direct flow indication the resolution is relatively poor compared to other measurement principles. Readout uncertainty gets worse near the bottom of the scale. Oscillations of the float and parallax may further increase the uncertainty of the measurement.
- Rotameters normally require the use of glass , otherwise the user cannot see the float. This limits their use in many industries to benign fluids, such as water.
- Rotameters are not easily adapted for reading by machine; although magnetic floats that drive a follower outside the tube are available.
- Usually rotameters aren't made in very large sizes, but bypass designs are sometimes used on very large pipes.
- Clear glass is used which is highly resistant to thermal shock and chemical action.