Moisture Sensors
A Moisture Sensor is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the environmental air or powders. Most measurement devices usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. From calculations based on physical principles, or especially by calibration with a reference standard, these measured quantities can lead to a measurement of moisture. Modern electronic devices use temperature of condensation, or changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure moisture changes.
Types
Metal/pulp coil type
The familiar metal/paper coil Moisture Sensor is useful for giving a dial indication of moisture changes, but it appears most often in very inexpensive devices and their accuracy is very limited. A search through many identical units in a display might show differences in indicated moisture of 10% or more. In these devices, moisture is absorbed by a salt-impregnated paper strip attached to a metal coil, causing it to change shape. These changes in length (analogous to those in a bimetallic thermometer) cause an indication on a dial.
Hair tension Moisture Sensors
These devices use a human or animal hair under tension. The length of the hair changes with moisture and the length change may be magnified by a mechanism and/or indicated on a dial or scale. The traditional folk art device known as a weather house works on this principle.
Electronic Moisture Sensors
Dewpoint is the temperature at which a sample of moist air (or any other water vapor) at constant pressure reaches water vapor saturation. At this saturation temperature, further cooling results in condensation of water. Chilled mirror dewpoint Moisture Sensors are one of the most precise instruments commonly available. These use a chilled mirror and optoelectronic mechanism to detect condensation on the mirror surface. The temperature of the mirror is controlled by electronic feedback to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between evaporation and condensation on the mirror, thus closely measuring the dew point temperature. An accuracy of 0.2 °C is attainable with these devices, which correlates at typical office environments to a relative moisture accuracy of about ±0.5%. These devices need frequent cleaning, a skilled operator and periodic calibration to attain these levels of accuracy.
For applications where cost, space, or fragility are relevant, other types of electronic sensors are used, at the price of a lower accuracy. In capacitive moisture sensors, the effect of moisture on the dielectric constant of a polymer or metal oxide material is measured. With calibration, these sensors have an accuracy of ±2% RH in the range 5–95% RH. Without calibration, the accuracy is 2 to 3 times worse. Capacitive sensors are robust against effects such as condensation and temporary high temperatures. Capacitive sensors are subject to contamination, drift and aging effects, but are suitable for many applications.
In resistive moisture sensors, the change in electrical resistance of a material due to moisture is measured. Typical materials are salts and conductive polymers. Resistive sensors are less sensitive than capacitive sensors - the change in material properties is less, so they require more complex circuitry. The material properties also tend to depend both on moisture and temperature, which means in practice that the sensor must be combined with a temperature sensor. The accuracy and robustness against condensation vary depending on the chosen resistive material. Robust, condensation-resistant sensors exist with an accuracy of up to ±3% RH.
In thermal conductivity moisture sensors, the change in thermal conductivity of air due to moisture is measured. These sensors measure absolute moisture rather than relative moisture
Applications
- Greenhouses
- Industrial spaces
- Conveyor Belts
Difficulty of accurate moisture measurement
Moisture measurement is among the more difficult problems in basic meteorology. According to the WMO Guide, "The achievable accuracies for moisture determination listed in the table refer to good quality instruments that are well operated and maintained. In practice, these are not easy to achieve." Two thermometers can be compared by immersing them both in an insulated vessel of water and stirring vigorously to minimize temperature variations. A high-quality liquid-in-glass thermometer if handled with care should remain stable for some years. Moisture Sensors must be calibrated in air, which is a much less effective heat transfer medium than is water, and many types are subject to drift so need regular recalibration. A further difficulty is that most Moisture Sensors sense relative moisture rather than the absolute amount of water present, but relative moisture is a function of both temperature and absolute moisture content, so small temperature variations within the air in a test chamber will translate into relative moisture variations.
Calibration Standards
Gravimetric Moisture Sensor
A Gravimetric Moisture Sensor measures the mass of an air sample compared to an equal volume of dry air. This isconsidered the most accurate primary method to determine the moisture content of the air. National standards based on this type of measurement have been developed in US, UK, EU and Japan. The inconvenience of using this device means it is usually only used to calibrate less accurate instruments, called transfer standards.
Chilled mirror Moisture Sensor
A chilled mirror Moisture Sensor measures the temperature of a mirror at the point when moisture (dew) begins to condense on it, thus giving a measurement of the dew point. These instruments can be manual or automatic, but are subject to errors from contamination due to dust and other gases which might condense. These are a common transfer standard in laboratories and metrology labs.
Psychrometers
A psychrometer consists of two thermometers, one which is dry and one which is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick. The two thermometers are thus called the dry-bulb and the wet-bulb. At temperatures above the freezing point of water, evaporation of water from the wick lowers the temperature, so that the wet-bulb thermometer usually shows a lower temperature than that of the dry-bulb thermometer. When the air temperature is below freezing, however, the wet-bulb is covered with a thin coating of ice and may be warmer than the dry bulb. Relative moisture is computed from the ambient temperature as shown by the dry-bulb thermometer and the difference in temperatures as shown by the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers. Relative moisture can also be determined by locating the intersection of the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures on a psychrometric chart. Psychrometers are commonly used in meteorology, and in the HVAC industry for proper refrigerant charging of residential and commercial air conditioning systems. The sling psychrometer, where the thermometers are attached to a handle or length of rope and spun around in the air for a few minutes, is sometimes used for field measurements, but is being replaced by more convenient electronic sensors. Alternatively a whirling psychrometer uses the same principle, however the two thermometers are fitted into a device that resembles a Ratchet or football rattle.
Psychrometer calibration
Accurate calibration of the thermometers used is of course fundamental to precise moisture determination by the wet-dry method; it is also important for the most accurate results to protect the thermometers from radiant heat and ensure a sufficiently high speed of airflow over the wet bulb. One of the most precise types of wet-dry bulb psychrometer was invented in the late 19th century by Adolph Richard Aßmann (1845–1918) by Guido Heinrich in English-language references the device is usually spelled "Assmann psychrometer." In this device, each thermometer is suspended within a vertical tube of polished metal, and that tube is in turn suspended within a second metal tube of slightly larger diameter; these double tubes serve to isolate the thermometers from radiant heating. Air is drawn through the tubes with a fan that is driven by a clockwork mechanism to ensure a consistent speed (some modern versions use an electric fan with electronic speed control). According to Middleton, 1966, "an essential point is that air is drawn between the concentric tubes, as well as through the inner one. It is very challenging, particularly at low relative moisture, to obtain the maximal theoretical depression of the wet-bulb temperature; an Australian study in the late 1990s found that liquid-in-glass wet-bulb thermometers were warmer than theory predicted even when considerable precautions were taken these could lead to RH value readings that are 2 to 5 percent points too high.
Saturated salt calibration
Various researchers have investigated the use of saturated salt solutions for calibrating Moisture Sensors. Slushy mixtures of certain pure salts and distilled water have the property that they maintain an approximately constant moisture in a closed container. A saturated (Sodium Chloride) bath will eventually give a reading of approximately 75%. Other salts have other equilibrium moisture levels: Lithium Chloride ~11%; Magnesium Chloride ~33%; Potassium Sulfate ~97%. Salt solutions will vary somewhat in moisture with temperature and they can take relatively long times to come to equilibrium, but their ease of use compensates somewhat for these disadvantages in low precision applications, such as checking mechanical and electronic Moisture Sensors.