SolidsWiki - User contributions [en]

Big Bag Filling Machines

2012-04-13T15:32:45Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:NBE_logo.jpg|right|link=http://www.nbe-inc.com/product_category.php?category=bulk_bag_fillers]]
[[Category:Filling Installations]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:Big-bag-filling-machine.jpg|thumb|200px|Big Bag Filling Machine]]
[[Image:Big-bag-filling-machine-portable.jpg|thumb|200px|Portable Big Bag Filling Machine]]
[[Image:Big-bag-filling-machine-highspeed.jpg|thumb|200px|High Speed Portable Big Bag Filling Machine]]
A '''Big Bag Filling Machine''' is constructed to fill FIBC bags (Flexible, Intermediar, Bulk, Containers) or [[Big Bags]]. The machine automatically weighs and fills bags of 100 to 1250 kg. This machine is suitable for powder and granular materials.

== Working Principle ==
The whole machine is stands on foursupport legs. A weighing scale is mounted on these fourlegs, the scale hopper also supports on these legs. The scale hopper uses a load cell and is located under the storage hopper. Under the storage hopper there are mounted two pneumatic halve moon valves that fill the scale hopper. When dosing the product, a large or fine valve can be used. This operation is automatically by means of the position of this slide. The weighing scale hopper unloads into a stainless steel pipe that fits into the big bag. The scale system operates with a weighing indicator. The machine weighs the material without weighing the bag. The whole unit operates automatic and manual. The big bag High Speed is located above a big bag conveyor. Before the filling process starts the big bag is held up and manually closed around the filling pipe.

The filling pipe is adjustable in height over a length of 400 mm. Before the big bag will be filled, a blower will blow air into the bag until the big bag has its full size. During filling, a second blower takes out the over pressured air and this air is blown into a dust reducer. By using this system, no dust comes free during the filling process. When the big bags are full, they are placed on the big bag conveyor. This conveyor moves the bag away from the machine. The big bag High Speed has a capacity of 100 - 120 bags of 500 kg per hour and a capacity of 50 - 70 bags of 1000 kg per hour. This product can be adjusted to customer demands.

== Video==
<youtube>lz9W0m45VUk</youtube>

<youtube>4vgflSSql3Q</youtube>

<youtube>4h74r_Y8PBI</youtube>

File:NBE logo.jpg

2012-04-13T15:32:12Z

Peter Terpstra:

Baling Presses

2012-02-15T16:10:14Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://isc.apollobv.com/nl/big-bale-press-light-version]]
[[Category:Particle Formation]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Big Bale Presses

2012-02-15T16:09:09Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://isc.apollobv.com/nl/big-bale-press]]
[[Category:Packaging Installations]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Bucket Elevators

2012-02-15T16:08:36Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/bucket-elevators]]
[[Category:Elevators]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Conveyors

2012-02-15T16:07:26Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://ls.apollobv.com/nl/belt-conveyors]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Debaler

2012-02-15T16:06:48Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://isc.apollobv.com/nl/debaler]]
[[Category:Packaging Installations]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Dual Lane Spiral Conveyors

2012-02-15T16:05:44Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/spiral-conveyors/dual-lane-spiral-conveyor]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Mass Flow Spiral Conveyors

2012-02-15T16:04:34Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/spiral-conveyors/mass-flow-spiral-conveyor]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Multiple In and Outfeed Spiral Conveyors

2012-02-15T16:04:00Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/spiral-conveyors/multiple-in-and-outfeed-spiral-conveyor]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Product Twisters

2012-02-15T16:02:46Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/product-twister]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Single Lane Spiral Conveyors

2012-02-15T16:01:36Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/spiral-conveyors/single-lane-spiral-conveyor]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

Spiral Conveyors

2012-02-15T15:58:32Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Apollo logo.jpg|right|link=http://vts.apollobv.com/nl/spiral-conveyors]]
[[Category:Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>

File:Apollo logo.jpg

2012-02-15T15:55:17Z

Peter Terpstra:

Grinders

2012-01-25T13:09:57Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Particle Size Reduction]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[File: Hammer mill open front full.jpg|thumb|A tabletop hammer mill]]
A '''grinding mill''' is a unit operation designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces. There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. Historically mills were powered by hand (mortar and pestle), working animal (horse mill), wind (windmill) or water (watermill). Today they are also powered by electricity.

The grinding of solid matters occurs under exposure of mechanical forces that trench the structure by overcoming of the interior bonding forces. After the grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, the grain size disposition and the grain shape.

Grinding may serve the following purposes in engineering:
*increase of the surface area of a solid
*manufacturing of a solid with a desired grain size
*pulping of resources

File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg

2012-01-25T13:05:18Z

Peter Terpstra:

Pan Mixers

2012-01-23T11:13:54Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Mixing]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:TEKA_THZ_1125-2250_Turbine_Pan_Mixer.jpg|thumb|200px|TEKA Turbine Pan Mixer ]]
[[Image:Global_Impex_Pan_Mixer.gif|thumb|200px| Global Impex Pan Mixer ]]

<youtube>dGGfZ2qd5O0</youtube> <youtube>RdabqoUK3eg</youtube>

File:Global Impex Pan Mixer.gif

2012-01-23T11:04:53Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:TEKA THZ 1125-2250 Turbine Pan Mixer.jpg

2012-01-23T11:04:20Z

Peter Terpstra:

Compactors

2012-01-11T13:03:53Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Particle Formation]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:Caterpillar 825G Soil Compactor.jpg|thumb|Refurbished Soil Compactor]]
[[Image:Landfill compactor.jpg|thumb|Landfill compactor]]
[[Image:Seabees compactor roller.jpg|thumb|A sheepsfoot compactor/roller operated by U.S. Navy Seabees]]
[[Image:Rammax-Compactor.JPG|thumb|Rammax remote controlled compactor]]
[[Image:Trilstamper.jpg|thumb|"Jumping Jack" compactor]]
A '''compactor''' is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil through Soil compaction. A '''trash compactor''' is often used by homes and businesses to reduce the volume of trash.

Normally powered by hydraulic machinery, compactors take many shapes and sizes. In landfill sites for example, a large bulldozer with spiked wheels called a waste compaction is used to drive over waste deposited by waste collection vehicle]]s (WCVs).

WCVs themselves incorporate a compacting mechanism which is used to increase the Cargo of the vehicle and reduce the number of times it has to empty. This usually takes the form of hydraulic machinery powered sliding plates which sweep out the collection Chute (gravity) and compress the material into what has already been loaded.

Different compactors are used in scrap metal processing, the most familiar being the car crusher. Such devices can either be of the "pancake" type, where a scrap automobile is flattened by a huge descending hydraulically-powered plate. The other type is the Baler#Industrial packaging press, where the automobile is compressed from several directions until it resembles a large cube.

==Commercial use==
Many retail and service businesses, such as fast food, restaurants, and hotels, use compactors to reduce the volume of non-recyclable waste as well as curb nuisance such as rodents and smell. In the hospitality industry tolerance for such nuisances is particularly low. These compactors typically come in electric and hydraulic operation, with quite a few loading configurations. Most popular loading configurations fall under the following:
# Ground-Access;
# Walk-On;
# Secured Indoor Chute.
These compactors are almost exclusively of welded steel construction for two reasons: durability under pressure and exposure to the elements, as compactors are installed either completely outdoors or sometimes under a covered loading dock.

==Residential use==
There are also trash compactors, hydraulic or manual, designed for residential use. Likewise, they reduce the volume of Waste. For example, some compactors reduce the volume of polystyrene]] to 1/30.

==Municipal use==
In addition to the waste vehicle and landfill use, there are solar-powered trash compactors that can hold the equivalent of 200 gallons of trash before they need to be emptied. The primary manufacturer of these devices is BigBelly Solarhttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12045048 Solar Compactors Make Mincemeat of Trash, All Things Considered.

==Construction industry==
In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate compactor, the "Jumping Jack" and the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crusher rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs. The plate compactor has a large vibrator (mechanical) baseplate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.

In England the name "wacker plate" or just "wacker" is commonly used to refer to plate compactors, derived from the name of Wacker Construction Equipment AG, a well-known manufacturer of such devices. The name is pronounced in the English style as ''whacker'' as opposed to the correct German ''vacker''. A "Jumping Jack" compactor is colloquially referred to as "Irish people's Motorbike", due to the traditional resource of Irish construction labourers, and the way that the operator appears to "ride" the hammer holding the handles like a motorcycle.

File:Caterpillar 825G Soil Compactor.jpg

2012-01-11T13:01:09Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Trilstamper.jpg

2012-01-11T12:51:54Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Seabees compactor roller.jpg

2012-01-11T12:51:37Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Rammax-Compactor.JPG

2012-01-11T12:51:19Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Landfill compactor.jpg

2012-01-11T12:50:35Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Caterpillar 825G compactor.jpg

2012-01-11T12:50:16Z

Peter Terpstra:

Eddy Current Separators

2011-12-20T09:36:04Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Separating]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
An '''Eddy Current Seperator''' is a conveyor system with a rapidly revolving magnetic rotor which generates an induction field through magnet poles. The rotational speed generates a rapidly changing magnetic field. In non-ferrous electrically conductive metal particles (non-ferrous metals) a magnetic Eddy Current will be generated. Through this interplay of forces, the non-ferrous particle will be shot from the product flow.

The number of magnetic poles and the rotational will greatly affect the separation efficiency. There are magnetic rotors availible with 12 or 44 magnetic poles. The 12-pole rotors are used in coarse fractions from 70 mm. The 44-pole magnetic rotors are used in fine- or medium fractions. The rotation speed plays a major role. In fine fractions (0-20 mm), the machines can run 4000 rpm and be effective in the separation of small non-ferrous metal particles from about 2 mm.

==Concentric Eddy Current separators==
For this type, the magnetic rotor is mounted in the middle of the revolving drum. This results in a large separation angle which is desirable for some product types. This type of separator can easily be used in product flows that are almost or entirely free of iron and only contain non-ferrous metals.

==Eccentric Eddy Current separators==
For this type of Eddy Current separators, the magnetic rotor is mounted from the middle of the revolving drum. This allows the removal time of the metal particle to be affected, which may be desireable in some cases. Separation of non-ferrous metals from a material flow that still contains iron particles will not yield any problems for this machine.

Eddy Current Separators

2011-12-20T09:35:45Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Separating]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
An '''Eddy Current Seperator'' is a conveyor system with a rapidly revolving magnetic rotor which generates an induction field through magnet poles. The rotational speed generates a rapidly changing magnetic field. In non-ferrous electrically conductive metal particles (non-ferrous metals) a magnetic Eddy Current will be generated. Through this interplay of forces, the non-ferrous particle will be shot from the product flow.

The number of magnetic poles and the rotational will greatly affect the separation efficiency. There are magnetic rotors availible with 12 or 44 magnetic poles. The 12-pole rotors are used in coarse fractions from 70 mm. The 44-pole magnetic rotors are used in fine- or medium fractions. The rotation speed plays a major role. In fine fractions (0-20 mm), the machines can run 4000 rpm and be effective in the separation of small non-ferrous metal particles from about 2 mm.

==Concentric Eddy Current separators==
For this type, the magnetic rotor is mounted in the middle of the revolving drum. This results in a large separation angle which is desirable for some product types. This type of separator can easily be used in product flows that are almost or entirely free of iron and only contain non-ferrous metals.

==Eccentric Eddy Current separators==
For this type of Eddy Current separators, the magnetic rotor is mounted from the middle of the revolving drum. This allows the removal time of the metal particle to be affected, which may be desireable in some cases. Separation of non-ferrous metals from a material flow that still contains iron particles will not yield any problems for this machine.

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T13:46:27Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:Climax_solids_logo_thumb.jpg|right|link=http://www.climax-solids.eu/?post_type=wp_car_dealer
|Climax International]]
[[Category:Belt Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:power transmission belt.gif|frame|right| Point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. A conveyor belt uses a wide belt and pulleys and is supported by rollers or a flat pan along its path.]]
[[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|right|These conveyor structures contain belts for moving bulk sulfur from railcars to storage piles and from the piles to ships.]]
A '''conveyor belt''' (or '''belt conveyor''') consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as ''elevator belts'', are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks.

A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

==Belt conveyor systems==
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

<gallery>
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg|Belt Conveyor systems at a Packing Depot
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg|Baggage Handling Belt Conveyor systems
Image:800px-Accumulation_Roller_Conveyor_for_Cartons_Totes.jpg|Accumulation conveyor for cartons and totes in a fashion distribution centre
</gallery>

==Long belt conveyors==
The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara. It is 100 km long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun.

The longest single belt conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to Sylhet in Bangladesh. Asian Development Bank description of the Lafarge Surma projectIt is about 17 km long and conveys limestone and shale at 960 tons/hr, from the quarry in India to a cement factory in Bangladesh (7 km long in India and 10 km long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by 3 synchronized drive units for a total power of about 1.8 MW (2 drives at the head end in Bangladesh and 1 drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-meter lengths on the Indian side and 500-meter lengths on the Bangladesh side, and was installed onsite by NILOS India. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along the terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 meters above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods.

==History==
Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer.

In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mobius_band.html Möbius strip belts] are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials. In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades.

==Other Languages==
[http://www.bulkwiki.nl/index.php?title=Transportbanden BulkWiki: Transportbanden]

File:Climax solids logo thumb.jpg

2011-12-09T13:44:53Z

Peter Terpstra:

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T12:34:28Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Belt Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:power transmission belt.gif|frame|right| Point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. A conveyor belt uses a wide belt and pulleys and is supported by rollers or a flat pan along its path.]]
[[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|right|These conveyor structures contain belts for moving bulk sulfur from railcars to storage piles and from the piles to ships.]]
A '''conveyor belt''' (or '''belt conveyor''') consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as ''elevator belts'', are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks.

A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

==Belt conveyor systems==
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

<gallery>
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg|Belt Conveyor systems at a Packing Depot
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg|Baggage Handling Belt Conveyor systems
Image:800px-Accumulation_Roller_Conveyor_for_Cartons_Totes.jpg|Accumulation conveyor for cartons and totes in a fashion distribution centre
</gallery>

==Long belt conveyors==
The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara. It is 100 km long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun.

The longest single belt conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to Sylhet in Bangladesh. Asian Development Bank description of the Lafarge Surma projectIt is about 17 km long and conveys limestone and shale at 960 tons/hr, from the quarry in India to a cement factory in Bangladesh (7 km long in India and 10 km long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by 3 synchronized drive units for a total power of about 1.8 MW (2 drives at the head end in Bangladesh and 1 drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-meter lengths on the Indian side and 500-meter lengths on the Bangladesh side, and was installed onsite by NILOS India. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along the terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 meters above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods.

==History==
Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer.

In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mobius_band.html Möbius strip belts] are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials. In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades.

==Other Languages==
[http://www.bulkwiki.nl/index.php?title=Transportbanden BulkWiki: Transportbanden]

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T12:32:13Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Belt Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:power transmission belt.gif|frame|right| Point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. A conveyor belt uses a wide belt and pulleys and is supported by rollers or a flat pan along its path.]]
[[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|right|These conveyor structures contain belts for moving bulk sulfur from railcars to storage piles and from the piles to ships.]]
A '''conveyor belt''' (or '''belt conveyor''') consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as ''elevator belts'', are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks.

A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

==Belt conveyor systems==
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

<gallery>
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg|Belt Conveyor systems at a Packing Depot
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg|Baggage Handling Belt Conveyor systems
Image:800px-Accumulation_Roller_Conveyor_for_Cartons_Totes.jpg|Accumulation conveyor for cartons and totes in a fashion distribution centre
</gallery>

==Long belt conveyors==
The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara. It is 100 km long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun.

The longest single belt conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to Sylhet in Bangladesh. Asian Development Bank description of the Lafarge Surma projectIt is about 17 km long and conveys limestone and shale at 960 tons/hr, from the quarry in India to a cement factory in Bangladesh (7 km long in India and 10 km long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by 3 synchronized drive units for a total power of about 1.8 MW (2 drives at the head end in Bangladesh and 1 drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-meter lengths on the Indian side and 500-meter lengths on the Bangladesh side, and was installed onsite by NILOS India. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along the terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 meters above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods.

==History==
Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer.

In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mobius_band.html Möbius strip belts] are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials. In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades.

==See also==
[http://www.bulkwiki.nl/index.php?title=Transportbanden BulkWiki: Transportbanden]

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T12:29:07Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Belt Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:power transmission belt.gif|frame|right| Point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. A conveyor belt uses a wide belt and pulleys and is supported by rollers or a flat pan along its path.]]
[[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|right|These conveyor structures contain belts for moving bulk sulfur from railcars to storage piles and from the piles to ships.]]
A '''conveyor belt''' (or '''belt conveyor''') consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as ''elevator belts'', are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks.

A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

==Belt conveyor systems==
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

<gallery>
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg|Belt Conveyor systems at a Packing Depot
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg|Baggage Handling Belt Conveyor systems
Image:800px-Accumulation_Roller_Conveyor_for_Cartons_Totes.jpg|Accumulation conveyor for cartons and totes in a fashion distribution centre
</gallery>

==Long belt conveyors==
The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara. It is 100 km long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun.

The longest single belt conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to Sylhet in Bangladesh. Asian Development Bank description of the Lafarge Surma projectIt is about 17 km long and conveys limestone and shale at 960 tons/hr, from the quarry in India to a cement factory in Bangladesh (7 km long in India and 10 km long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by 3 synchronized drive units for a total power of about 1.8 MW (2 drives at the head end in Bangladesh and 1 drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-meter lengths on the Indian side and 500-meter lengths on the Bangladesh side, and was installed onsite by NILOS India. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along the terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 meters above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods.

==History==
Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer.

In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mobius_band.html Möbius strip belts] are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials. In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades.

[http://www.bulkwiki.nl/index.php?title=Transportbanden BulkWiki: Transportbanden]

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T11:43:51Z

Peter Terpstra: /* Long belt conveyors */

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T11:43:33Z

Peter Terpstra: /* History */

[[Category:Belt Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:power transmission belt.gif|frame|right| Point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. A conveyor belt uses a wide belt and pulleys and is supported by rollers or a flat pan along its path.]]
[[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|right|These conveyor structures contain belts for moving bulk sulfur from railcars to storage piles and from the piles to ships.]]
A '''conveyor belt''' (or '''belt conveyor''') consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as ''elevator belts'', are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks.

A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

==Belt conveyor systems==
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

<gallery>
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg|Belt Conveyor systems at a Packing Depot
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg|Baggage Handling Belt Conveyor systems
Image:800px-Accumulation_Roller_Conveyor_for_Cartons_Totes.jpg|Accumulation conveyor for cartons and totes in a fashion distribution centre
</gallery>

==Long belt conveyors==
The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara. It is 100 km long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun.

The longest single belt conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to Sylhet in Bangladesh. Asian Development Bank description of the Lafarge Surma projectIt is about 17 km long and conveys [[limestone]] and shale at 960 tons/hr, from the quarry in India to a cement factory in Bangladesh (7 km long in India and 10 km long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by 3 synchronized drive units for a total power of about 1.8 MW (2 drives at the head end in Bangladesh and 1 drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-meter lengths on the Indian side and 500-meter lengths on the Bangladesh side, and was installed onsite by NILOS India. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along the terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 meters above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods.

==History==
Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer.

In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mobius_band.html Möbius strip belts] are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials. In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades;

Conveyor Belts

2011-12-09T11:38:04Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Belt Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:power transmission belt.gif|frame|right| Point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley. A conveyor belt uses a wide belt and pulleys and is supported by rollers or a flat pan along its path.]]
[[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|right|These conveyor structures contain belts for moving bulk sulfur from railcars to storage piles and from the piles to ships.]]
A '''conveyor belt''' (or '''belt conveyor''') consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential.

Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as ''elevator belts'', are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks.

A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

==Belt conveyor systems==
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting. Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Product is conveyed directly on the belt so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

<gallery>
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg|Belt Conveyor systems at a Packing Depot
Image:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg|Baggage Handling Belt Conveyor systems
Image:800px-Accumulation_Roller_Conveyor_for_Cartons_Totes.jpg|Accumulation conveyor for cartons and totes in a fashion distribution centre
</gallery>

==Long belt conveyors==
The longest belt conveyor system in the world is in Western Sahara. It is 100 km long, from the phosphate mines of Bu Craa to the coast south of El-Aaiun.

The longest single belt conveyor runs from Meghalaya in India to Sylhet in Bangladesh. Asian Development Bank description of the Lafarge Surma projectIt is about 17 km long and conveys [[limestone]] and shale at 960 tons/hr, from the quarry in India to a cement factory in Bangladesh (7 km long in India and 10 km long in Bangladesh). The conveyor was engineered by AUMUND France and Larsen & Toubro. The conveyor is actuated by 3 synchronized drive units for a total power of about 1.8 MW (2 drives at the head end in Bangladesh and 1 drive at the tail end in India). The conveyor belt was manufactured in 300-meter lengths on the Indian side and 500-meter lengths on the Bangladesh side, and was installed onsite by NILOS India. The idlers, or rollers, of the system are unique in that they are designed to accommodate both horizontal and vertical curves along the terrain. Dedicated vehicles were designed for the maintenance of the conveyor, which is always at a minimum height of 5 meters above the ground to avoid being flooded during monsoon periods.

==History==
Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer.

In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. Möbius strip belts are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials.<ref>http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Mobius_band.html</ref> In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades;

File:Belt-conveyor-handling2.jpg

2011-12-09T11:34:35Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg

2011-12-09T11:34:22Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:800px-Accumulation Roller Conveyor for Cartons Totes.jpg

2011-12-09T11:34:12Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg

2011-12-09T11:33:01Z

Peter Terpstra:

File:Power transmission belt.gif

2011-12-09T11:32:36Z

Peter Terpstra:

Coatings

2011-12-07T11:21:13Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:akzonobel.jpg|right|link=http://www.akzonobel.com/powder/guide_to_powder_coatings|AkzoNobel]]
[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
'''Coating''' is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the '''substrate'''. In many cases coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the substrate, such as appearance, adhesion, wetability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. In other cases, in particular in printing processes and semiconductor device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating forms an essential part of the finished product.

''Coating and printing processes'' involve the application of a thin film of functional material to a substrate, such as paper, fabric, film, foil or sheet stock. This article discusses what is frequently termed 'roll-to-roll' or 'web-based' coating. A roll of substrate, when wound through the coating machine, is typically called a '''web'''.

Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids. Coatings can be measured and tested for proper opacity and film thickness by using a drawdown card.

Coatings

2011-12-07T11:11:01Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
'''Coating''' is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the '''substrate'''. In many cases coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the substrate, such as appearance, adhesion, wetability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. In other cases, in particular in printing processes and semiconductor device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating forms an essential part of the finished product.

''Coating and printing processes'' involve the application of a thin film of functional material to a substrate, such as paper, fabric, film, foil or sheet stock. This article discusses what is frequently termed 'roll-to-roll' or 'web-based' coating. A roll of substrate, when wound through the coating machine, is typically called a '''web'''.

Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids. Coatings can be measured and tested for proper opacity and film thickness by using a drawdown card.

Mixers

2011-12-01T10:58:01Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:HOSOKAWA-MICRON.gif|right|230px|link=http://www.hosokawamicron.nl|HOSOKAWA MICRON]]
[[Category:Mixing]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[Image:Paddle-Mixers-Logo.gif|thumb|200px|Paddle Mixer]]
[[Image:V-Blender-Logo.gif|thumb|200px|V Blender]]
[[Image:Ribbon-Blender-Logo.gif|thumb|200px|Ribbon Blender.]]
[[Image:Double-Cone-Blender-Logo.gif|thumb|200px|Double Cone Blender]]
[[Image:High-Shear-Mixers-Granulators-Logo.gif|thumb|200px|High shear Mixer/Granulator]]
[[Image:Drum-Blender-Logo.gif|thumb|200px|Drum-Blender]]
'''Mixers ''' are used to mix or blend a wide range of materials used in different industries including the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic and mineral industries. They are mainly used to mix different materials using different types of blades to make a good quality homogeneous mixture. Included are dry blending devices, paste mixing designs for high viscosity products and high shear models for emulsification, particle size reduction and homogenization.

Mixers range from laboratory to production line scale, including:
* [[Ribbon Blenders]]
* [[V Blenders]]
* [[Cone Screw Blenders]]
* [[Screw blenders]]
* [[Double Cone Blenders]]
* Double Planetary [[High Viscosity Mixers]]
* Counter-rotating Mixers
* Double & Triple Shaft Mixers
* [[Vacuum Mixers]]
* [[Planetary Dispersers]]
* High Shear Rotor Stator Mixers
* [[Dispersion Mixers]]
* [[Paddle Mixers]]
* [[Jet Mixers]]
* [[Mobile Mixers]]
* [[Drum Blenders]]
* [[Banbury mixers]] are effective at mixing or kneading viscous materials. They can operate at different temperatures and pressures for mixing different solutions and can also have internal or external heating systems added to them.

==Options==
* Spray nozzles
* CIP
* PLC
* Pneumatic or electric systems
* Hydraulic or electronic soft start mechanisms so that they start and stop smoothly

== Video ==
<youtube>q36ex3Bp3K8</youtube>

Moisture Sensors

2011-11-23T13:08:27Z

Peter Terpstra:

[[File:ACO_Automation_Components.jpg|right|140px|link=http://www.acoweb.de/index.php/the-aco-products.html|ACO Automation Components]]

[[Category:Sensors]]{{Knoppen}}
<noinclude></noinclude>
[[File:Humidity_sensor.jpg|thumb|right|Moisture Sensor]]
[[File:Humidity_sensor_measuring.jpg|thumb|right|Moisture sensor measuring]]
A '''Moisture Sensor''' is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the environmental air or powders. Most measurement devices usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. From calculations based on physical principles, or especially by calibration with a reference standard, these measured quantities can lead to a measurement of moisture. Modern electronic devices use temperature of condensation, or changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure moisture changes.

==Types==
===Metal/pulp coil type===
The familiar metal/paper coil Moisture Sensor is useful for giving a dial indication of moisture changes, but it appears most often in very inexpensive devices and their accuracy is very limited. A search through many identical units in a display might show differences in indicated moisture of 10% or more. In these devices, moisture is absorbed by a salt-impregnated paper strip attached to a metal coil, causing it to change shape. These changes in length (analogous to those in a bimetallic thermometer) cause an indication on a dial.

===Hair tension Moisture Sensors===
These devices use a human or animal hair under tension. The length of the hair changes with moisture and the length change may be magnified by a mechanism and/or indicated on a dial or scale. The traditional folk art device known as a weather house works on this principle.

===Electronic Moisture Sensors===
Dewpoint is the temperature at which a sample of moist air (or any other water vapor) at constant pressure reaches water vapor saturation. At this saturation temperature, further cooling results in condensation of water. '''Chilled mirror dewpoint Moisture Sensors''' are one of the most precise instruments commonly available. These use a chilled mirror and optoelectronic mechanism to detect condensation on the mirror surface. The temperature of the mirror is controlled by electronic feedback to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between evaporation and condensation on the mirror, thus closely measuring the dew point temperature. An accuracy of 0.2 °C is attainable with these devices, which correlates at typical office environments to a relative moisture accuracy of about ±0.5%. These devices need frequent cleaning, a skilled operator and periodic calibration to attain these levels of accuracy.

For applications where cost, space, or fragility are relevant, other types of electronic sensors are used, at the price of a lower accuracy. In '''capacitive moisture sensors''', the effect of moisture on the dielectric constant of a polymer or metal oxide material is measured. With calibration, these sensors have an accuracy of ±2% RH in the range 5–95% RH. Without calibration, the accuracy is 2 to 3 times worse. Capacitive sensors are robust against effects such as condensation and temporary high temperatures. Capacitive sensors are subject to contamination, drift and aging effects, but are suitable for many applications.

In '''resistive moisture sensors''', the change in electrical resistance of a material due to moisture is measured. Typical materials are salts and conductive polymers. Resistive sensors are less sensitive than capacitive sensors - the change in material properties is less, so they require more complex circuitry. The material properties also tend to depend both on moisture and temperature, which means in practice that the sensor must be combined with a temperature sensor. The accuracy and robustness against condensation vary depending on the chosen resistive material. Robust, condensation-resistant sensors exist with an accuracy of up to ±3% RH.

In '''thermal conductivity moisture sensors''', the change in thermal conductivity of air due to moisture is measured. These sensors measure absolute moisture rather than relative moisture

==Applications==
* Greenhouses
* Industrial spaces
* Conveyor Belts

==Difficulty of accurate moisture measurement==
Moisture measurement is among the more difficult problems in basic meteorology. According to the WMO Guide, "The achievable accuracies for moisture determination listed in the table refer to good quality instruments that are well operated and maintained. In practice, these are not easy to achieve." Two thermometers can be compared by immersing them both in an insulated vessel of water and stirring vigorously to minimize temperature variations. A high-quality liquid-in-glass thermometer if handled with care should remain stable for some years. Moisture Sensors must be calibrated in air, which is a much less effective heat transfer medium than is water, and many types are subject to drift so need regular recalibration. A further difficulty is that most Moisture Sensors sense relative moisture rather than the absolute amount of water present, but relative moisture is a function of both temperature and absolute moisture content, so small temperature variations within the air in a test chamber will translate into relative moisture variations.

==Calibration Standards==
===Gravimetric Moisture Sensor===
A Gravimetric Moisture Sensor measures the mass of an air sample compared to an equal volume of dry air. This isconsidered the most accurate primary method to determine the moisture content of the air. National standards based on this type of measurement have been developed in US, UK, EU and Japan. The inconvenience of using this device means it is usually only used to calibrate less accurate instruments, called transfer standards.

===Chilled mirror Moisture Sensor===
A chilled mirror Moisture Sensor measures the temperature of a mirror at the point when moisture (dew) begins to condense on it, thus giving a measurement of the dew point. These instruments can be manual or automatic, but are subject to errors from contamination due to dust and other gases which might condense. These are a common transfer standard in laboratories and metrology labs.

===Psychrometers===
A psychrometer consists of two thermometers, one which is dry and one which is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick. The two thermometers are thus called the dry-bulb and the wet-bulb. At temperatures above the freezing point of water, evaporation of water from the wick lowers the temperature, so that the wet-bulb thermometer usually shows a lower temperature than that of the dry-bulb thermometer. When the air temperature is below freezing, however, the wet-bulb is covered with a thin coating of ice and may be warmer than the dry bulb. Relative moisture is computed from the ambient temperature as shown by the dry-bulb thermometer and the difference in temperatures as shown by the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers. Relative moisture can also be determined by locating the intersection of the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures on a psychrometric chart. Psychrometers are commonly used in meteorology, and in the HVAC industry for proper refrigerant charging of residential and commercial air conditioning systems. The '''sling psychrometer''', where the thermometers are attached to a handle or length of rope and spun around in the air for a few minutes, is sometimes used for field measurements, but is being replaced by more convenient electronic sensors. Alternatively a '''whirling psychrometer''' uses the same principle, however the two thermometers are fitted into a device that resembles a Ratchet or football rattle.

====Psychrometer calibration====
Accurate calibration of the thermometers used is of course fundamental to precise moisture determination by the wet-dry method; it is also important for the most accurate results to protect the thermometers from radiant heat and ensure a sufficiently high speed of airflow over the wet bulb. One of the most precise types of wet-dry bulb psychrometer was invented in the late 19th century by Adolph Richard Aßmann (1845–1918) by Guido Heinrich in English-language references the device is usually spelled "Assmann psychrometer." In this device, each thermometer is suspended within a vertical tube of polished metal, and that tube is in turn suspended within a second metal tube of slightly larger diameter; these double tubes serve to isolate the thermometers from radiant heating. Air is drawn through the tubes with a fan that is driven by a clockwork mechanism to ensure a consistent speed (some modern versions use an electric fan with electronic speed control). According to Middleton, 1966, "an essential point is that air is drawn between the concentric tubes, as well as through the inner one.
It is very challenging, particularly at low relative moisture, to obtain the maximal theoretical depression of the wet-bulb temperature; an Australian study in the late 1990s found that liquid-in-glass wet-bulb thermometers were warmer than theory predicted even when considerable precautions were taken these could lead to RH value readings that are 2 to 5 percent points too high.

===Saturated salt calibration===
Various researchers have investigated the use of saturated salt solutions for calibrating Moisture Sensors. Slushy mixtures of certain pure salts and distilled water have the property that they maintain an approximately constant moisture in a closed container. A saturated (Sodium Chloride) bath will eventually give a reading of approximately 75%. Other salts have other equilibrium moisture levels: Lithium Chloride ~11%; Magnesium Chloride ~33%; Potassium Sulfate ~97%. Salt solutions will vary somewhat in moisture with temperature and they can take relatively long times to come to equilibrium, but their ease of use compensates somewhat for these disadvantages in low precision applications, such as checking mechanical and electronic Moisture Sensors.